UN talks on creating a global pact to stem plastic pollution collapsed in Geneva with no agreement or clear way forward after a chaotic night of negotiations failed to break a deadlock over whether to include measures aimed at curbing runaway plastic production.

With discussions running into overtime on Thursday night, a last-ditch attempt by the talks’ chair, Ecuadorian diplomat Luis Vayas Valdivieso, to table a new draft proposal for a treaty fell flat. The text, still containing numerous options in brackets, does not include a dedicated section on plastic production, which nearly 100 countries have been calling for.

An opposing group of fossil fuel-producing nations – including Gulf states, Russia and the US – vehemently reject the inclusion in the treaty of any provisions aimed at reducing plastic production, which is set to triple by 2060. The talks, known as INC-5.2, were unable to find a way to bridge those divergent positions.

Several countries voiced disappointment with the process managed by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) in a final plenary session which came to an abrupt end on Friday morning with no next steps agreed.

Valdivieso adjourned the 10-day meeting to be resumed “at a later date” yet to be decided after the United States and Kuwait asked him to cut short the last session – with the latter saying it had become “a health issue” as delegates were exhausted from the long hours.

Calls for a time-out

During the closing plenary, many countries signalled their unease with negotiations continuing under the same format that has yet to deliver a deal after two and a half years. The collapse of talks in Geneva came nine months after the failure of what was originally meant to be the final round of negotiations in December 2024.

On Friday, France’s Minister for Ecological Transition Agnès Pannier-Runacher said she was “disappointed and enraged” with the outcome of the talks, which she described as “so chaotic”. “Oil-producing countries and their allies have chosen to look the other way. We choose to act,” she added.

Swiss lead negotiator Felix Wertli said the process needed “a time-out” and countries should consider whether plastic pollution could best be tackled under existing UN conventions.

Comment: The global plastics treaty must move forward, with or without the US

UNEP Executive Director Inger Andersen told journalists that everyone had came to Geneva to get a deal done, but it is clear “we are living in an era of political complexity”.

Claiming that “significant progress was made as red lines were clarified”, the exhausted UN official promised the work “will not stop because plastic pollution will not stop”.

But in the halls of the UN’s Palais des Nations, bleary-eyed observers expressed bitter disappointment with how the talks proceeded and called for a rethink.

New process needed?

David Azoulay, director of environmental health at the Center for International Environmental Law, said the negotiations in Geneva were “an abject failure”, as some countries had blocked “any attempt at advancing a viable treaty”. He called for “a restart, not a repeat performance” in future talks.

A diplomat from one developed country told Climate Home it would be fruitless to keep going when the position of petrostates remains deeply entrenched and the US appears dead set against the creation of any new global agreement.

But others appeared determined to power ahead with the existing process.

Speaking on behalf of small island developing states (SIDS), Palau’s Gwen Sisior said countries needed to “carve a path forward” to complete the negotiations. She also urged Valdivieso to look for “additional avenues for political engagement” so that a “true compromise” can be found at a future session.

Ghana’s Lydia Essuah, taking the floor for the African group of countries, said Africa demanded “a clear way forward” and another negotiating session to deliver a treaty reflecting “the high ambition that the world needs”.

The European Union’s environment commissioner Jessika Roswall described the latest text as “a step forward” and said the block would “continue to push for a stronger, binding agreement”.