At the end of the first year in which global average temperatures are almost certain to top the key threshold of 1.5C above pre-industrial times, scientists have sounded the alarm about the extremes of climate and weather we’re already experiencing – and are warning things could get even more serious.

At the same time, they say it’s not too late both to limit the damage by phasing out planet-heating fossil fuels and doing more to protect communities from the dangers of worsening heatwaves, droughts, floods and storms.

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In a report outlining their findings for 2024, researchers collaborating with the World Weather Attribution (WWA) and Climate Central projects said climate change had intensified 26 of the 29 weather events they studied during the year.

Those disasters killed at least 3,700 people and displaced millions – but are only a small sample of what was experienced on the frontlines of a warming world. They included severe floods in eastern Spain, hurricanes in the US, drought in South America’s Amazon rainforest, and flooding across West and Central Africa.

The scientists also found that people around the world experienced, on average, 41 extra days of dangerous heat in 2024 due to human-caused warming.

Friederike Otto, WWA’s lead and a senior lecturer in climate science at Imperial College London, said the “unrelenting suffering” could be alleviated if we stop burning coal, oil and gas, use renewable energy to power our economies instead, and adapt to climate impacts.

“The top resolution for 2025 must be transitioning away from fossil fuels, which will make the world a safer and more stable place,” she said in a statement.

Here are some key facts and figures from the report:

Heat: Too hot to handle

2024 is set to be the hottest year on record – again. The first six months saw record-breaking temperatures, extending a streak started in 2023 to 13 months. The world’s hottest day in history was recorded on July 22, while a day earlier more than 5 billion people were exposed to high temperatures made at least two times more likely due to climate change.

However, the scientists note that surpassing global warming of 1.5C for a one-year period, as expected for 2024, does not mean the Paris Agreement’s aim of limiting it to that level has failed, because that would require several years with temperatures above 1.5C. “However, it is a warning that we are getting dangerously close,” the report said.

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The El Niño climate phenomenon, caused by warmer temperatures in the Pacific Ocean, added some heat in the first half of this year, but rising emissions were the main culprit for so many record-shattering temperatures, it added.

The countries with the highest number of risky heat days were largely small island developing states (SIDS), accounting for 18 out of the top 20. Their residents – also threatened by rising sea levels and powerful storms – experienced more than 130 additional days of dangerous heat in 2024. SIDS, many of them highly indebted, pushed for more financial support for vulnerable countries at COP29 and were disappointed with the outcome.

Flooding: Be warned

The high heat levels of 2024 also translated into record-breaking downpours, as warmer air holds more moisture and hotter seas cause increased evaporation. As a result, devastating floods hit many places worldwide, from Dubai to Kathmandu and Brazil’s Rio Grande do Sul.

The scientists said their work this year highlighted how early warning – and acting on it – often makes the difference between life and death.

In September, for example, four days of record rainfall brought by Storm Boris flooded regions of Central Europe, but people were evacuated days in advance, reservoirs were drained and flood defences built up, meaning that less than 30 people lost their lives.

Meanwhile, floods in Sudan, Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon and Chad were the deadliest event studied by WWA in 2024, with at least 2,000 people killed and millions displaced. The group found that if warming reaches 2C, which could happen as soon as the 2040s or 2050s, those regions could experience similar periods of heavy rainfall every year.

“Our studies continue to show the need to enhance preparedness for extreme weather to reduce loss of life and damages,” said Julie Arrighi, director of programmes at the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre. “In 2025, it’s crucial that every country accelerate efforts to adapt to climate change.”

Storms: Blown away 

Scientists said that as the world and its oceans warm, a bigger share of the most powerful tropical cyclones are reaching category 3 or above (5 being the highest), with faster maximum wind speeds, heavier rainfall and much greater destructive potential.

Other shifts in tropical cyclones include storms strengthening faster, migrating towards the poles and moving more slowly over land, often leading to more severe impacts.

This year the typhoon-prone Philippines was hit by six consecutive storms in just a few weeks from mid-October to mid-November – including three classed as “super typhoons” – affecting 13 million people and killing more than 160. The likelihood of three or more major typhoons making landfall in the Philippines in a given year has increased by about 25% due to human-induced climate change, WWA  said.

Also this year, Hurricane Helene killed more